The gain medium material controlled purity concentration shape amplifies process stimulated emission state plasma absorbs pump electrons ("excited") quantum particles interact absorbing emitting photons spontaneous stimulated direction passing number particles excited exceeds particles lower-energy population inversion achieved stimulated emission absorption amplified optical amplifier optical amplifier resonant optical cavity generated stimulated emission signal wavelength phase polarization characteristic coherence uniform polarization monochromaticity established optical cavity design resonator misnomer open resonators literal cavity employed microwave frequencies resonator mirrors coherent beam photon repeatedly emitted aperture diffraction absorption (amplification) medium resonator losses recirculating exponentially stimulated emission event atom excited ground reducing medium increasing power unity saturated continuous wave balance pump power saturation equilibrium value equilibrium operating point sufficient overcome resonator losses minimum threshold.
The gain medium amplify photons regardless spatial mode resonator substantial amplification output free space homogenous medium waveguides approximated minimum divergence diameter multimode transverse modes functions unstable resonators fractal collimated wavefronts planar normal propagation divergence diffraction transverse mode inversely diameter required diffraction theory generated common kilometers semiconductor typically exits crystal divergence divergent transformed similarly collimated originates diode spatial mode property coherence replicated standard discarding appreciated spotlight mechanism producing radiation stimulated emission energy extracted transition atom molecule quantum phenomenon discovered derived relationship coefficient spontaneous emission coefficient absorption stimulated emission electron atomic operation exotic device explained mechanics.
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